Finding the best small space furniture means balancing functionality, style, and size. The top pick for overall versatility is the VASAGLE MARIEL Collection Round Side Table, thanks to its classic design and compact footprint. For those seeking extra storage, the SUNMORY 6 Tier Tree Bookshelf stands out, while the VASAGLE C-Shaped End Table offers easy versatility for living rooms or bedrooms. Each of these options addresses the common challenge of fitting essential furniture into limited spaces without sacrificing style or usability. Keep reading for a detailed breakdown of these and other top contenders, plus expert advice on how to choose the right pieces for your needs.
Key Takeaways
- The best small space furniture combines multi-functionality with a compact footprint, as seen in products like the VASAGLE C-Shaped End Table.
- Storage is a key factor; options with shelves or baskets, such as the Round Side Table with Storage Basket, provide extra utility without taking up additional space.
- Material and style influence how well furniture integrates into different decor; rustic finishes remain popular but modern designs are also highly versatile.
- Narrow and multi-tier designs maximize usability in tight spots, but may trade off some stability or aesthetic appeal for space efficiency.
- Price varies widely, with budget-friendly options offering great value, but premium models often deliver superior durability and design finesse.
| small space furniture | Material | Color | Dimensions |
|---|---|---|---|
| VASAGLE MARIEL Collection Roun | Particleboard with solid wood legs | Chestnut Walnut | — |
| MaxSmeo Small Narrow Side Tabl | MDF with solid wood legs | Rustic Brown | 7.8”D × 15.7”W × 24.4”H |
| Homleke Narrow Side Tables Set | Particleboard, iron frame | Rustic Brown | 7.1" D x 16.9" W x 23.6" H |
| VASAGLE BARNET Collection Smal | Particleboard and steel | Rustic Brown and Ink Black | 11.8"D x 13.4"W x 22.8"H |
| VASAGLE C-Shaped End Table for | Steel, Particleboard | Rustic Brown + Black | 11.8"D x 15.7"W x 24.4"H |
| Round Side Table with Storage | MDF, fabric, steel | — | — |
| Yoobure Narrow Side Table with | Engineered wood and metal | Rustic Brown | 16.5"L x 8"W x 24.5"H |
| SUNMORY 6 Tier Tree Bookshelf | MDF | — | — |
| HOOBRO End Table | Engineered wood and metal | — | 23.6"L x 11.8"W x 23.6"H |
| 3-Tier Small End Table for Nar | Particleboard and lacquered iron | Rustic Brown | — |
| XBurmo Small Round Coffee Tabl | Steel legs, wood tiers | — | 13.2"D x 13.2"W x 22.8"H |
| Fultyle Side Table | MDF with solid wood legs | Rustic Brown | — |
More Details on Our Top Picks
VASAGLE MARIEL Collection Round Side Table, Small Drink End Table for Small Spaces, Mid-Century Modern, Chestnut Walnut
This VASAGLE MARIEL side table stands out for its charming mid-century modern design that easily elevates small living or bedroom spaces. Compared to the VASAGLE BARNET with its rustic-industrial look, the MARIEL’s sculpted, turned-column details offer a more refined aesthetic. Its compact 11.8-inch diameter and light 5-pound weight make it perfect for tight corners, while the solid wood legs add stability that particleboard surfaces alone can’t match. The main tradeoff is its limited weight capacity of 44 pounds, which may restrict heavier items. Assembly is tool-free and quick, making it accessible for most. This pick makes the most sense for those wanting a stylish, versatile side table that’s simple to set up and fits small spaces without sacrificing style.
Pros:- Elegant mid-century modern design with sculpted details
- Compact size ideal for small spaces
- Easy to assemble without tools
- Stable with solid wood legs
Cons:- Limited weight capacity of 44 pounds
- Particleboard surface may be less durable over time
- Only suitable for indoor use
Best for: Small apartment dwellers or anyone needing a stylish accent table in tight spots
Not ideal for: Heavy-use areas where furniture needs to support substantial weight over time
- Shape:Round
- Item Dimensions:11.8 x 11.8 x 21.7 inches
- Item Weight:5 Pounds
- Maximum Weight Recommendation:44 Pounds
- Material:Particleboard with solid wood legs
- Color:Chestnut Walnut
Our verdict“Choose this for a stylish, easy-to-assemble side table that maximizes small space appeal without heavy-duty support needs.”
MaxSmeo Small Narrow Side Table, 3-Tier Rustic Brown End Table with Storage
The MaxSmeo 3-tier side table offers exceptional storage in a minimal footprint, making it a smart choice for budget-conscious shoppers. Its 7.8-inch depth and three open shelves optimize vertical space, especially compared to the VASAGLE BARNET, which features a similar tiered design but with a more modern aesthetic. The MDF construction with solid wood legs provides durability at a lower price point, though the open shelves can accumulate dust and may be less stable on uneven floors. Its compact dimensions make it ideal for narrow spaces but limit the surface area on the top tier, so it’s best used for storage rather than as a primary surface. This table makes the most sense for those seeking functional storage without sacrificing too much space or budget.
Pros:- Space-efficient design with three open shelves
- Affordable price point
- Sturdy MDF with solid wood legs
- Easy to assemble
Cons:- Limited surface area on the top tier
- Open shelves may collect dust
- Less stable on uneven floors
Best for: Small rooms requiring additional storage without cluttering the floor space
Not ideal for: Heavy objects or daily use items that need robust support
- Dimensions:7.8”D × 15.7”W × 24.4”H
- Number of Tiers:3
- Material:MDF with solid wood legs
- Color:Rustic Brown
Our verdict“Ideal for budget-friendly storage solutions in small spaces where clutter is a concern.”
Homleke Narrow Side Tables Set of 2 with Magazine Holder, Rustic Brown
This Homleke set of two narrow side tables is designed for versatility, making it a strong choice for those needing multiple surfaces in small spaces. Their 7.1-inch depth and adjustable feet allow for stable placement on uneven floors, and the removable iron mesh magazine holder adds practical storage. Compared with the single-tier VASAGLE MARIEL, these tables provide extra functionality and flexibility but at the cost of a narrower surface, which limits their use for larger items. The particleboard tops are practical but may not withstand heavy or prolonged use. These tables excel in multi-use scenarios like living rooms, bedrooms, or entryways, especially where space is tight and multiple surfaces are needed.
Pros:- Two matching tables for flexible placement
- Includes a removable magazine holder
- Adjustable feet for stability
- Compact and space-saving design
Cons:- Limited surface area on each table
- Particleboard may be less durable
- Assembly required
Best for: Small-space dwellers who need flexible, multi-purpose tables with additional storage
Not ideal for: Heavy or frequent use where durability over time is a concern
- Dimensions:7.1″ D x 16.9″ W x 23.6″ H
- Material:Particleboard, iron frame
- Features:Removable magazine holder, adjustable feet
- Color:Rustic Brown
Our verdict“Great for those seeking versatile, multi-function tables that fit into tight spaces and include extra storage options.”
VASAGLE BARNET Collection Small End Table, Rustic Brown and Ink Black Steel Frame, 3-Tier Storage
The VASAGLE BARNET combines rustic charm with industrial robustness, making it ideal for small spaces craving a bold look. Its 3-tier design maximizes vertical storage, often outperforming simpler tables like the VASAGLE MARIEL in storage capacity. The steel frame supports up to 44 pounds per tier, providing stability and durability that particleboard options can’t match. However, the rustic finish and black steel give it a more industrial aesthetic, which may not suit all decor styles. Assembly takes about 10-15 minutes with straightforward instructions. It’s best for users who want a sturdy, stylish accent with practical storage, though the particleboard panels may show wear over time.
Pros:- Stylish rustic and industrial design
- Supports up to 44 lbs per tier
- Three-tier vertical storage enhances space efficiency
- Durable steel frame
Cons:- Particleboard panels may degrade with heavy use
- Limited color options
- Assembly may take longer than simpler tables
Best for: Owners of industrial or rustic-themed interiors needing durable storage
Not ideal for: Minimalist or modern interiors seeking sleek, light furniture
- Dimensions:11.8″D x 13.4″W x 22.8″H
- Weight Capacity:44 lbs per tier
- Material:Particleboard and steel
- Color:Rustic Brown and Ink Black
- Number of Tiers:3
Our verdict“Perfect for those wanting a sturdy, stylish storage piece with industrial flair in small spaces.”
VASAGLE C-Shaped End Table for Living Room and Bedroom, Rustic Brown and Black
The VASAGLE C-shaped end table offers a compact, space-efficient design that easily slips beside couches or beds, making it ideal for tiny rooms. Its C-shape allows it to slide over armrests or beds, providing a large surface for laptops, snacks, or decor. The steel frame and engineered wood construction contribute to durability, though it lacks specific weight capacity details, which may be a concern for heavier items. Compared to the MAXSMEO with its multiple tiers, the C-shaped table prioritizes versatility and ease of placement over storage capacity. Assembly is straightforward with numbered parts. It’s best for users who need a slim, functional table that adapts to various small spaces, but it’s less suited for heavy or high-traffic use.
Pros:- Compact size fits into tight spaces
- Steel and engineered wood for durability
- Versatile placement and use as sofa or bedside table
- Easy to assemble
Cons:- No specific weight capacity listed
- Limited color options
- Lacks additional storage features
Best for: Small-space residents needing a versatile, space-saving side table
Not ideal for: Users requiring substantial storage or support for heavy objects
- Dimensions:11.8″D x 15.7″W x 24.4″H
- Material:Steel, Particleboard
- Shape:C-Shaped
- Tabletop Thickness:62 mm
- Color:Rustic Brown + Black
Our verdict“A smart choice for those needing an adaptable, space-efficient table that fits into small living areas.”
Round Side Table with Storage Basket – 24in Rustic Brown
This 3-tier round side table stands out for its versatility in small spaces, combining a sturdy MDF top, a fabric storage basket, and a stable steel frame. Compared with the SUNMORY 6 Tier Tree Bookshelf, it offers a more compact footprint but fewer shelves and storage options. Its easy, tool-free assembly and adjustable feet make it user-friendly, especially around kids and pets. The fabric basket, while convenient, may wear out over time, and the limited weight capacity on the top surface restricts heavy use. Overall, this pick makes the most sense for those needing a small, multi-purpose table that blends storage with style.
Pros:- Compact size fits well in tight spots
- Multi-level storage with a fabric basket adds versatility
- Sturdy and stable with adjustable feet
Cons:- Fabric basket may wear or tear over time
- Limited weight capacity on the top surface
- Design may not complement contemporary decor styles
Best for: Small apartment dwellers who need a functional, space-saving side table with hidden storage
Not ideal for: Homeowners seeking heavy-duty furniture or modern minimalist decor, as its rustic style and fabric basket may not match all interiors
- Height:24 inches
- Diameter:11.8 inches
- Material:MDF, fabric, steel
- Weight Capacity (upper shelves):100 lbs each
- Assembly:Tool-free, 10 minutes
Our verdict“This table is ideal for those needing a small, multi-functional surface with hidden storage and easy setup.”
Yoobure Narrow Side Table with Storage Basket, Small End Table for Small Spaces, Rustic Brown
This narrow side table excels in small rooms thanks to its compact footprint of just 16.5″L x 8″W x 24.5″H, offering two shelves and a spacious storage basket. Unlike the SUNMORY 6 Tier Tree Bookshelf, it prioritizes simplicity and accessibility with a straightforward design and sturdy metal frame. Its minimalist aesthetic suits modern interiors, but it lacks stain resistance, meaning spills or stains may be hard to clean. Its limited color options may also restrict matching with other furniture. Compared to bulkier options, it’s an excellent choice for those who want a simple, space-efficient storage solution without sacrificing style.
Pros:- Extremely compact and space-efficient
- Includes multiple storage options with shelves and a basket
- Sturdy construction with easy assembly
Cons:- No stain resistance on the surface
- Limited color choices restrict decor matching
Best for: Urban residents needing a slim, unobtrusive side table that maximizes storage without cluttering small areas
Not ideal for: People wanting a more decorative or colorful piece, since it only comes in rustic brown and has no stain-resistant surface
- Dimensions:16.5″L x 8″W x 24.5″H
- Material:Engineered wood and metal
- Color:Rustic Brown
- Shape:Rectangular
- Style:Modern
Our verdict“This pick is perfect for minimalist setups where space is at a premium and simple storage is needed.”
SUNMORY 6 Tier Tree Bookshelf, Small Bookcase with Storage Cabinet, Rustic Brown
The SUNMORY 6 Tier Tree Bookshelf offers a distinctive branch-inspired design that maximizes vertical space, making it ideal for small rooms. With six open shelves and two enclosed cabinets, it provides versatile storage that surpasses the limited shelving of the HOOBRO End Table. The sturdy MDF construction and anti-tip safety features add stability, but assembly may require careful alignment, especially of the pre-drilled holes. Its rustic brown finish and playful aesthetic may not suit traditional decor, yet it stands out for combining style and function in a compact height of 47.4 inches. Compared to the narrow end tables, it offers significantly more storage, making it perfect for organizing books, decor, or supplies in limited space.
Pros:- Space-saving vertical design maximizes storage
- Includes both open shelves and storage cabinets
- Sturdy with anti-tip features
Cons:- Assembly requires precise alignment of parts
- Limited weight capacity per shelf not specified
Best for: Small-space homeowners seeking a height-efficient, stylish storage unit with both open and concealed compartments
Not ideal for: Those preferring minimalist or modern decor, since the branch design and rustic look may clash with sleek interiors
- Height:47.4 inches
- Length:14.6 inches
- Width:7.9 inches
- Number of Shelves:6
- Storage Cabinets:2
- Material:MDF
Our verdict“This bookshelf suits small rooms that need a decorative yet practical storage piece with multiple compartments.”
HOOBRO End Table, 3-Tier Narrow Side Table with Adjustable Shelves, Rustic Brown and Black
This 3-tier narrow end table offers a vintage aesthetic with its wood-tone tabletop and black metal frame, designed for versatile placement. Its adjustable mesh shelf at the bottom allows customization, making it suitable as a nightstand or collection display. Compared with the YOOBure Side Table, it provides more adjustability and a slightly larger footprint, but it has a lower maximum load capacity of 66 lbs, which limits heavier items. Assembly is straightforward but may take some time due to the adjustable parts. Its vintage charm makes it a good fit for traditional or eclectic interiors, but it might not match very modern or minimalist decor styles. It balances style and function for small spaces needing flexible storage options.
Pros:- Stylish vintage design with adjustable shelves
- Suitable as a nightstand or side table
- Easy to assemble with detailed instructions
Cons:- Limited weight capacity for heavy items
- Design may not suit modern minimal decor
Best for: Decor-conscious users wanting a vintage-inspired, adjustable side table for bedrooms or living rooms
Not ideal for: Those needing robust, heavy-duty furniture, as its load capacity is limited and the style may clash with sleek minimalism
- Dimensions:23.6″L x 11.8″W x 23.6″H
- Material:Engineered wood and metal
- Maximum Load Capacity:66 lb
- Shelf Adjustability:Bottom mesh shelf adjustable
Our verdict“This table is a great choice for those who want a vintage-inspired piece with flexible storage in small spaces.”
3-Tier Small End Table for Narrow Spaces, Rustic Brown
This ultra-narrow 3-tier side table, measuring just 7.08 inches wide, is ideal for squeezing into the tightest spots. Built from particleboard and lacquered iron, it offers a surprisingly sturdy surface for light use. Compared with the HOOBRO End Table, it sacrifices some adjustability and surface area but excels in fitting into the smallest corners, making it perfect as a bedside or sofa-side table in very limited spaces. Its simple design and easy assembly make it accessible for most, though the material may not be as durable as solid wood or high-end composites. This makes it a practical choice for minimalistic or temporary setups where space is at a premium.
Pros:- Incredibly compact and space-efficient
- Sturdy construction with adjustable footpads
- Simple, easy assembly
Cons:- Limited surface area due to narrow width
- Material may not last as long as solid wood
Best for: People with extremely limited space looking for a slim, functional side table for occasional use
Not ideal for: Those seeking durable, heavy-duty furniture or a large surface area for multiple items, as its narrow width limits usability
- Width:7.08 inches
- Material:Particleboard and lacquered iron
- Number of Tiers:3
- Color:Rustic Brown
Our verdict“This table suits users who need a tiny, reliable side table that fits into the smallest spaces without sacrificing stability.”
XBurmo Small Round Coffee Table – 3 Tier Industrial Vintage Nightstand for Bedroom and Living Room
This 3-tier accent table stands out for maximizing small spaces with its rounded edges and compact diameter of just 13.2 inches. Compared to the VASAGLE MARIEL which offers a similar footprint, the XBurmo emphasizes safety and versatility with its smooth, rounded edges, making it less likely to cause injuries in tight areas. The three spacious tiers provide ample storage for books, decor, or essentials, but the 44-pound weight limit per shelf means heavier items may need to be placed carefully. Its sturdy steel legs and adjustable feet improve stability on uneven floors, though the rustic style might not match modern or minimalist decor. Assembly is straightforward with minimal parts, making it ideal for quick setup in small bedrooms or living rooms. Overall, this table is a great choice for those prioritizing safety, stability, and space efficiency in a vintage-inspired design.
Pros:- Safe rounded edges prevent injuries in tight areas
- Compact size maximizes small spaces
- Sturdy construction with adjustable rubber feet
- Easy to assemble with minimal parts
Cons:- Limited weight capacity per shelf may restrict heavier items
- Design may be too small for larger objects or bulky decor
Best for: Small apartment dwellers who need a safe, multi-tier surface for organizing essentials in tight spaces.
Not ideal for: Those seeking a large, load-bearing table for heavier items or a modern aesthetic—its size and rustic style may feel limiting.
- Dimensions:13.2″D x 13.2″W x 22.8″H
- Weight Capacity per Shelf:44 lbs
- Material:Steel legs, wood tiers
- Number of Tiers:3
Our verdict“This table is perfect for small spaces where safety and multi-functionality are priorities, especially in vintage or rustic decor themes.”
Fultyle Side Table, Small End Table with Storage Shelf, 2-Tier Living Room and Bedroom Accent Table (Rustic Brown)
The Fultyle Side Table makes a strong case for small spaces that favor vintage charm and simplicity. Its 11.8-inch diameter and compact 20.8-inch height are slightly smaller than the VASAGLE BARNET, which offers more tiered storage but with a bulkier profile. The rustic walnut surface pairs well with vintage or farmhouse decor, but might not suit ultramodern interiors. Its two-tier shelf provides ample space for essentials, yet the limited surface area means larger items or multiple objects could feel cramped. Constructed from durable MDF with solid wood legs, it offers better stability than lighter, all-MDF designs, but isn’t rated for very heavy loads. Assembly is quick and tool-free, making it accessible for quick setups. Overall, this pick is ideal for those who want a stylish, space-saving accent with a touch of rustic elegance.
Pros:- Stylish vintage design with a rustic walnut finish
- Sturdy MDF with solid wood legs for stability
- Two-tier shelf provides useful storage space
- Quick, tool-free assembly
Cons:- Limited surface area for larger or multiple items
- Not suitable for very heavy loads or bulky decor
Best for: Individuals decorating small bedrooms or living rooms with vintage or farmhouse styles, needing a compact side table with storage.
Not ideal for: People requiring a large surface area for bulky items or a modern, sleek look—its rustic design and size limit versatility.
- Overall Dimensions:11.8″D x 15.7″W x 20.8″H
- Material:MDF with solid wood legs
- Color:Rustic Brown
- Number of Tiers:2
Our verdict“This table is best for small spaces craving rustic charm and compact storage, especially in vintage-themed interiors.”
How We Picked
These products were selected based on their suitability for small spaces, focusing on size, functionality, and ease of use. We evaluated each item’s dimensions to ensure they fit typical compact areas, while also considering build quality and durability. Versatility was a key factor—furniture that offers multiple functions, such as storage or adjustable features, scored higher. Price-to-value ratio was also important; we aimed to highlight options that provide the best bang for the buck without sacrificing quality. Lastly, style and ease of assembly were considered, ensuring these pieces blend seamlessly into a variety of decor styles and are straightforward to set up.| small space furniture | Color |
|---|---|
| VASAGLE MARIEL Collection Roun | Chestnut Walnut |
| MaxSmeo Small Narrow Side Tabl | Rustic Brown |
| Homleke Narrow Side Tables Set | Rustic Brown |
| VASAGLE BARNET Collection Smal | Rustic Brown and Ink Black |
| VASAGLE C-Shaped End Table for | Rustic Brown + Black |
| Round Side Table with Storage | — |
| Yoobure Narrow Side Table with | Rustic Brown |
| SUNMORY 6 Tier Tree Bookshelf | — |
| HOOBRO End Table | — |
| 3-Tier Small End Table for Nar | Rustic Brown |
| XBurmo Small Round Coffee Tabl | — |
| Fultyle Side Table | Rustic Brown |
Factors to Consider When Choosing Best Small Space Furniture
Choosing the right small space furniture involves more than just picking the smallest piece available. It’s about balancing size, function, and style to create a space that feels open yet practical. The following factors will help you make informed decisions that maximize your limited square footage without clutter or compromise.Size and Dimensions
Always measure your space carefully before selecting furniture. Small space furniture should be compact but not so tiny that it looks out of proportion or lacks functionality. Pay attention to the height, width, and depth, and consider how each piece will fit with existing furniture. Multi-tier or narrow designs often provide more storage or surface area without encroaching on walking space, making them ideal for tight spots.
Multi-Functionality
Furniture that offers more than one purpose can free up space and reduce clutter. For example, side tables with built-in storage baskets or shelves can serve as both a surface and a storage spot. Look for adaptable designs, like C-shaped tables that can double as a laptop stand or small work surface, to get maximum utility from a minimal footprint.
Material and Durability
In small spaces, furniture often experiences frequent use and movement. Choosing sturdy materials like solid wood, metal, or high-quality composites ensures longevity. Additionally, finishes that resist scratches and stains help keep furniture looking fresh despite frequent use or accidental bumps, which are common in tight quarters.
Style and Compatibility
Your furniture should complement your existing decor to create a cohesive look. Rustic finishes work well in cozy, vintage-inspired settings, while sleek modern designs suit contemporary styles. Keep in mind that lighter colors can make a space feel larger, whereas darker tones add warmth but might make a room feel more enclosed. Balance your aesthetic preferences with the practicalities of your space.
Budget and Value
Price ranges for small space furniture vary considerably. While budget options can be surprisingly effective, investing a bit more often yields better durability and refined designs. Consider how much use the furniture will get and whether it’s worth spending more for features like adjustable shelves, higher-quality materials, or better craftsmanship. Sometimes, a slightly higher upfront cost can save money in the long run by avoiding frequent replacements.
Frequently Asked Questions
How can I make a small space feel larger with furniture?
Choosing furniture with light colors, simple lines, and minimal bulk helps create a sense of openness. Multi-functional pieces with hidden storage reduce clutter, which also makes a space feel bigger. Placing furniture away from walls and using vertical storage options can further maximize the feeling of roominess in limited areas.
Is it better to buy modular or fixed furniture for small spaces?
Modular furniture offers flexibility, allowing you to customize layouts and adapt as your needs change, which is especially useful in small spaces. Fixed pieces tend to be more stable and often look more cohesive, but they can limit future rearrangements. Your choice depends on how often you might want to reconfigure your space and your preference for stability versus adaptability.
What materials are best for small space furniture?
Lightweight materials like certain woods, composites, or metal help keep furniture easy to move and less visually heavy. High-quality finishes that resist stains and scratches extend the lifespan of furniture in tight quarters, where bumps and spills are more common. Avoid overly bulky materials that can make a space feel cramped.
How do I choose furniture that fits multiple functions?
Look for pieces explicitly designed for versatility, such as side tables with storage baskets, fold-out beds, or multi-tier shelves. Prioritize items that combine surfaces with storage or adjustable features, so you get more use out of each piece. Be mindful of the weight and stability when selecting multi-purpose furniture, especially if it will need to support different loads.
When should I consider investing in more expensive small space furniture?
Investing in higher-quality pieces makes sense if you plan to use the furniture frequently or want it to last many years. Premium options often feature better materials, sturdier construction, and sleeker designs that can elevate your space’s overall look. If you’re furnishing a long-term living area or a rental property, spending more upfront can provide better durability and value over time.
Conclusion
For those seeking the best overall balance of style, functionality, and affordability, the VASAGLE MARIEL Collection Round Side Table stands out as a versatile choice. Budget-conscious buyers will appreciate the value offered by simpler designs like the 3-Tier Small End Table or Yoobure Narrow Side Table. Shoppers looking for a premium, durable piece should consider options like the SUNMORY 6 Tier Tree Bookshelf for maximum storage and longevity. Beginners or those new to small space living will find the VASAGLE C-Shaped End Table particularly easy to incorporate into their decor, thanks to its straightforward design. Ultimately, selecting the right furniture depends on your specific needs and space constraints—use these recommendations to guide your choices accordingly.
